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Sunday, September 6, 2015

Depression



What is depression

Everyone occasionally feels blue or sad. But these feelings are usually short-lived and pass within a couple of days. When you have depression, it interferes with daily life and causes pain for both you and those who care about you. Depression is a common but serious illness.
Many people with a depressive illness never seek treatment. But the majority, even those with the most severe depression, can get better with treatment. Medications, psychother-apies, and other methods can effectively treat people with depression.
signs and symptoms of depression
Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” feelings
Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness.
Irritability, restlessness
Loss of interest in activities including sex
Fatigue and decreased energy
Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions
Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or excessive sleeping
Overeating, or appetite loss
Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts
Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment.

What causes depression

Most likely, depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.
Depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain. Longstand-ing theories about depression suggest that important neurotransmitters—chemicals that brain cells use to communicate—are out of balance in depression. But it has been difficult to prove this.
Brain-imaging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have shown that the brains of people who have depression look different than those of people without depression. The parts of the brain involved in mood, think-ing, sleep, appetite, and behavior appear different. But these images do not reveal why the depression has occurred. They also cannot be used to diagnose depression.
other factors, trauma, loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or any stressful situation may trigger a depressive episode. Other depressive episodes may occur with or without an obvious trigger.

How is depression diagnosed and treated

Depression, even the most severe cases, can be effectively treated. The earlier that treatment can begin, the more effec-tive it is.
The first step to getting appropriate treatment is to visit a doctor or mental health specialist. Certain medications, and some medical conditions such as viruses or a thyroid disor-der, can cause the same symptoms as depression. A doctor can rule out these possibilities by doing a physical exam, interview, and lab tests. If the doctor can find no medical condition that may be causing the depression, the next step is a psychological evaluation.
The doctor may refer you to a mental health professional, who should discuss with you any family history of depres-sion or other mental disorder, and get a complete history of your symptoms. You should discuss when your symptoms started, how long they have lasted, how severe they are, and whether they have occurred before and if so, how they were treated. The mental health professional may also ask if you are using alcohol or drugs, and if you are thinking about death or suicide.
Once diagnosed, a person with depression can be treated in several ways. The most common treatments are medication and psychotherapy.

antidepressant medications are available to treat depression such as:
  • Fluoxetine (Prozac)
  • Citalopram (Celexa)
  • Sertraline (Zoloft)
  • Paroxetine (Paxil)
  • Escitalopram (Lexapro).

Sunday, July 26, 2015

Follow Medical terminology

BBB : blood–brain barrier
B-CLL: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
BJP: Bence-Jones protein
BM: bone marrow
BMJ: British Medical Journal
BMT: bone marrow transplant
BP: blood pressure
C1 INH : C1 esterase inhibitor
C3Nef : complement C3 nephritic factor
Ca :: carcinoma
Ca2+: calcium
CABG: coronary artery bypass graft
CAH: congenital adrenal hyperplasia
cALL: common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
CBC: complete blood count)
CCF: congestive cardiac failure
CCK: cholecystokinin
cDNA: complementary DNA
CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen
CF: cystic fibrosis or complement fixation
CHD: coronary heart disease
CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease)
CK: creatine kinase
CL: – chloride
CLL: chronic lymphocytic (‘lymphatic’) leukaemia
CML: chronic myeloid leukaemia
CMML: chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia
CMV: cytomegalovirus
CNS: central nervous system
CO2: carbon dioxide
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP: continuous positive airways pressure
CREST: calcinosis, Raynaud’s syndrome, (o)esophageal motility> dysfunction, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia
CRF: chronic renal failure
CRP: C-reactive protein
CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
CT: computed tomography
CVA: cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
CVD: cardiovascular disease
CXR: chest x-ray

Medical Termonology



A&E: accident & emergency
Ab :antibody
ABGs : arterial blood gases
ACD: anaemia of chronic disease
ACE : angiotensin converting enzyme
ACh : acetylcholine
ACL :anticardiolipin antibody
ACR :acetylcholine receptor
ACS :acute coronary syndrome
ADA: American Diabetes Association
ADH: antidiuretic hormone
ADP : adenosine 5-diphosphate
AECG: ambulatory ECG
AF ::atrial fibrillation
Ag : antigen
AIDS : acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIHA :: autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
AKA : alcoholic ketoacidosis
ALL :: acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
ALP :: alkaline phosphatase
ALT:: alanine aminotransferase
AMI ::acute myocardial infarction
AML : acute myeloid leukaemia
ANA: antinuclear antibodies
ANAE :: alpha naphthyl acetate esterase
ANCA : antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
ANF : antinuclear factor
APCR : activated protein C resistance
APL : antiphospholipid antibody
APML : acute promyelocytic leukaemia
APS antiphospholipid syndrome
APTR : activated partial thromboplastin time ratio
APTT :: activated partial thromboplastin time
ARF : acute renal failure
AT (ATIII) :: antithrombin III
ATLL : adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma
ATP : adenosine triphosphate
AXR: abdominal x-ray

Saturday, June 6, 2015

Hepatitis



Hepatitis simply refers to inflammation and/or injury of the liver. There are many causes of hepatitis -- too many to list here. The most common causes of hepatitis include infections (viral being the most common, but also bacterial and fungal), alcohol abuse, medications (certain over-the-counter and prescription medications can lead to liver injury), autoimmune disorders and fatty deposits in the liver, such as those that may form in diabetic patients.


Causes of acute hepatitis

-Viral hepatitis
Non Viral hepatitis-

-Viral hepatitis
Hepatocyte specific virus  A, B, C. D
          no Hepatocyte specific virus

virus hepatitis A –HAV-

When most people refer to hepatitis, they are probably talking about viral hepatitis, which is classified into several types. Hepatitis A, which is very common in underdeveloped countries, is acquired from water or food sources. This type of hepatitis is usually mild and may sometimes be discovered only by blood testing. Hepatitis A never leads to chronic liver disease.

Hepatitis A is caused by eating food and drinking water infected with a virus called HAV. It can also be caused by anal-oral contact during sex. While it can cause swelling and inflammation in the liver, it doesn't lead to chronic, or life long, disease. Almost everyone who gets hepatitis A has a full recovery.

it accounts 20-25% of clinical hepatitis -
Incubation period:15-50 days

-Clinical manifestation :
May patient are an citric and symptom less
Flea like upper respiratory tract infection.
Anorexia on early symptom and is often sever.
Later on jaundice and dark urine.
Marked vague epigastria and hypochonderum pain
Nausea heart burn.

Diagnosis lab-
Raised liver enzymes.
Bilirubin and bilurbincere in urine.
Raised severe bilrbine total and direct and of mixed type.
HAV antibodies(HAVIGM) in the serum

Prevention-
Body health education ,hygiene.
Vaccination

-Management:
Bed rest and diet regime (casohychites).
With restriction of animal protein.
iv. plain 5% glucose in care of sever vomiting and sever anorexia.

hepatitis B virus-HBV-

The hepatitis B virus is most often contracted via blood contact -- such as with IV drug abusers sharing needles or health care workers who are stuck by tainted needles. It can also be spread via sexual contact and from mother to baby during childbirth. And  can lead to chronic liver disease and the complications that result from it

With hepatitis B, the liver also swells. Hepatitis B can be a serious infection that can cause liver damage, which may result in cancer. Some people are not able to get rid of the virus, which makes the infection chronic, or life long. Blood banks test all donated blood for hepatitis B, greatly reducing the risk for getting the virus from blood transfusions or blood products.

-Made of transmission
Which is transmitted primarily by the fecal- oral rout, hepatitis B is transmitted primarily by sexual act.

-Incubation period: long 1p from 6weeks to 6 months

-Risky people:
Medical staff ,surgeon ,gynecology ,dentists.
Para medical staff, lab, worker.
Nurses.
Addicts ,drug abusers.
Potions in hemodylessia and oncology.
Homosexual and bisexual men.

-Clinical manifestation:
Loss of appetite, dyspenia, abdominal pain ,weakness
Jaundice may or may not be evident but of jaundice occurs, it is accompanied by light colored stools and dark urine.
Liver may be tender and enlarged,.

Prevention:-
Preventing transmission.
Continudued screening of potential blood donors for the presence of hepatitis B
Antigens using of deposable syringes and needles.



Medical management-

The goal of treatment are to minimize infectivity. Normalize liver inflammation, and decrease symptoms.
Alfa interferon:3000,000 , 5000,000 with3 injections/ month. Can be helpful.
Bed rest ,diet regime, high caloric nutrition , restrictions high animal protein food.

Hepatitis C virus: (HCV)-

Hepatitis C is spread via blood and body-fluid contact (as with Hepatitis B). Hepatitis C used to be the most common type of hepatitis acquired via blood transfusions until a test for it became available in the 1980s. Hepatitis C commonly leads to chronic hepatitis and over many years can lead to chronic liver disease manifested by cirrhosis

Hepatitis C is caused by the virus HCV. It is spread the same way as hepatitis B, through contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or body fluid. Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C causes swelling of the liver and can cause liver damage that can lead to cancer. Most people who have hepatitis C develop a chronic infection. This may lead to a scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis. Blood banks test all donated blood for hepatitis C, greatly reducing the risk for getting the virus from blood transfusions or blood products.

Incubation period, variable and may rang from 15 – 160 days.

Hepatitis D virus  HDV

-Hepatitis D is caused by the virus HDV. You can only get hepatitis D if you are already infected with hepatitis B. It is spread through contact with infected blood, dirty needles that have HDV on them, and unprotected sex (not using a condom) with a person infected with HDV. Hepatitis D causes swelling of the liver.


-Non viral hepatitis:
Toxic hepatitis lead to  Toxemia infection
Drug induced hepatitis : paracetamal larga; etil.