Blood Transfusion
What is a blood transfusion?
A blood transfusion is the transfer of blood or blood products from
one person (donor) into another person's bloodstream (recipient).
This is usually done as a life saving maneuver to replace blood
cells or blood products lost through severe bleeding, during surgery when blood
loss occurs or to increase the blood count in an anemic patient.
What are different blood types and
groups?
Because blood types are responsible for the interactions between
cells such as red blood cells and the immune system, it is important that the
blood types of the donor and the recipient of red blood cells match. If the donor
and recipient's blood types are not matched, the recipient's immune system will
destroy the donor's cells.
BLOOD TYPES
There are four blood types:
A.
B.
AB, or
O.
Every person has one of the above four blood types. In addition,
each person's blood is either:
Rh-positive, or
Rh-negative.
So, for example, if a person has type A blood, it's either type A
positive or type A negative.
TRANSFUSION REACTION
Serious transfusion reaction generally occur within the first 5 to
15 minutes of infusion, so the nurse usually remains with client during this
critical time.
TYPES OF REACTION
Incompatibility.
S&S (hypotension ,rapid pulse rate ,difficulty breathing ,back
pain ,flushing)
ACTION
Stop the infusion of blood.
Infuse the saline at a rapid rate.
Call for assistance.
Administer oxygen.
Raise the feet higher than the head.
2.
FEBRILE
S&S ( fever ,shaking chills ,headache ,rapid pulse ,muscle
aches)
ACTION
Stop the blood infusion
Start the saline
Check vital signs
Report finding
3.
ALLERGIC
S&S ( rash ,itching ,flushing ,stable vital signs)
ACTION
Slow the rate of infusion
Assess the client
Report finding
Be prepared to give an anti-histamine
4.
OVERLOAD
S&S ( hypertension , difficulty breathing ,moist breath sound
,bounding pulse)
ACTION
Reduce the rate
Elevate the head
Give oxygen
Be prepared to give a diuretic
5.
HYPOCALCEMIA
S&S ( tingling of finger ,hypotension ,muscle cramp
,convulsion)
ACTION
Stop the blood transfusion
Start saline
Be prepared to give antidote, calcium chloride.
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